Colorectal Cancer

What is Colorectal Cancer?

Colorectal cancer, also known as bowel cancer, is a type of cancer that develops in the colon (large intestine) or rectum. It is one of the most common types of cancer worldwide, affecting both men and women. Colorectal cancer occurs when abnormal cells in the lining of the colon or rectum start to grow uncontrollably.

This type of cancer usually begins as small growths called polyps, which may be benign (non-cancerous) or develop into cancer over time. When left undetected or untreated, these polyps can grow larger and become cancerous, spreading to nearby tissues and potentially to other parts of the body, such as the liver or lungs.

The symptoms of colorectal cancer can vary depending on the stage of the disease, but common signs include changes in bowel habits, persistent abdominal discomfort or pain, rectal bleeding, unexplained weight loss, and a feeling that the bowel does not empty completely after a bowel movement.

Risk factors for colorectal cancer include older age, a family history of the disease, a personal history of polyps, inflammatory bowel disease (such as Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis), a sedentary lifestyle, obesity, smoking, and a diet high in red and processed meats.

Early detection is crucial in improving the chances of successful treatment and survival. Screening tests, such as colonoscopies or stool tests, can help detect polyps or early-stage cancer before symptoms develop. If colorectal cancer is suspected, further tests, such as imaging scans or biopsies, may be performed to confirm the diagnosis and determine the extent of the disease.

Treatment options for colorectal cancer may include surgery to remove the tumor, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of these approaches. The goal of treatment is to remove or destroy the cancer cells and prevent their spread to other parts of the body.

Regular follow-up care and monitoring are important for people who have been treated for colorectal cancer, as the risk of recurrence or the development of new polyps remains. Adopting a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption, can also play a significant role in reducing the risk of developing colorectal cancer.

What causes Colorectal Cancer?

Colorectal cancer is a complex disease, and its development can be influenced by various factors. While the exact cause of colorectal cancer is often unknown, research has provided insights into some of the main contributing factors.

One major risk factor for colorectal cancer is age. As we get older, the risk of developing this type of cancer increases. Most cases occur in individuals over the age of 50, although it can affect younger people as well. The exact reasons why age is a risk factor are not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to cumulative genetic and environmental changes over time.

Another important factor is a family history of colorectal cancer. If a first-degree relative, such as a parent or sibling, has had colorectal cancer, your risk increases. This suggests a genetic component and the possibility of inherited gene mutations. Genetic counseling and testing may be recommended for individuals with a strong family history to determine if they carry gene mutations that predispose them to colorectal cancer.

Unhealthy lifestyle habits can also contribute to the development of colorectal cancer. Obesity, lack of physical activity, and poor diet, particularly one high in red and processed meats, have been linked to an increased risk. Additionally, smoking and excessive alcohol consumption have been associated with higher rates of colorectal cancer. Adopting a healthy lifestyle, including regular physical activity, a balanced diet, and avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol, is crucial for the prevention of colorectal cancer.

Other risk factors for colorectal cancer include certain medical conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including both ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Individuals with a history of colorectal polyps, especially if they are large or multiple, are also at an increased risk. Certain inherited syndromes, such as Lynch syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), are known to substantially increase the risk of colorectal cancer.

To reduce the risk of colorectal cancer, regular screening is recommended for individuals aged 50 and older, or earlier for those at higher risk. Screening tests, such as colonoscopy, can help detect precancerous polyps or early-stage cancer, allowing for timely intervention and improved outcomes. It is important to discuss your individual risk factors and screening options with a healthcare professional to determine the best approach for you.

What precautions you should take for Colorectal Cancer?

As a medical professional, I understand the importance of taking precautions to minimize the risk and impact of colorectal cancer. It is essential to be proactive and aware of the potential warning signs, as early detection greatly increases chances of successful treatment. Here are some precautions that individuals should take:

1. Awareness and Regular Screening

Stay informed about the risk factors, symptoms, and screening guidelines for colorectal cancer. It is recommended to start regular screenings at age 45 for individuals at average risk, and earlier for those with a family history of the disease or other risk factors. Screening tests may include colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, or stool tests. Talk to your doctor to determine the appropriate screening schedule for your specific circumstances. Remember that prevention and early detection play a vital role in fighting colorectal cancer.

2. Maintain a Healthy Lifestyle

Avoiding certain risk factors and adopting a healthy lifestyle can help reduce the likelihood of developing colorectal cancer. Maintaining a well-balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins can support overall health. Limiting red and processed meat, alcohol consumption, and smoking can also contribute to reducing the risk. Regular physical activity is crucial, as it helps maintain a healthy weight, lowers the risk of various diseases, and improves overall well-being.

3. Know Your Family History

Having a close relative with colorectal cancer increases your own risk. It is important to be aware of your family history and share this information with your healthcare provider. If you have any concerns or a family history of the disease, your doctor may recommend additional screening or genetic testing.

4. Be Mindful of Symptoms

Pay attention to any changes or symptoms related to your digestive system. Common signs of colorectal cancer may include persistent abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, changes in bowel habits (such as diarrhea or constipation), unexplained weight loss, or fatigue. If you experience any of these symptoms, particularly if they last for a prolonged period or worsen over time, seek medical attention promptly.

5. Regular Follow-Up and Consultation

After undergoing any necessary screenings or treatments, it is important to maintain regular follow-up appointments with your healthcare provider. They can monitor your overall health, assess any signs of recurrence or complications, and provide guidance on preventive measures or lifestyle modifications to reduce the risk of future colorectal cancer.

By implementing these precautions, you can take an active role in reducing the risks associated with colorectal cancer. Remember to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized advice based on your medical history, individual risk factors, and current health status.

What are the main symptoms of Colorectal Cancer?

Colorectal cancer is a common and potentially serious condition, so it is important to be aware of its main symptoms. While these symptoms may vary from person to person, some common signs may indicate the presence of colorectal cancer.

One of the most common symptoms is a change in bowel habits, such as persistent diarrhea or constipation. If you notice any unusual changes in your usual bowel routine that last for several weeks, it is advisable to seek medical attention.

Unexplained weight loss is another potential symptom of colorectal cancer. Losing weight without trying or any significant changes in your diet or exercise routine can be a cause for concern. In some cases, this weight loss may be accompanied by a decreased appetite.

Blood in the stool or rectal bleeding is a symptom that should never be ignored. Blood in the stool can present as bright red blood or as dark, tarry stools. If you notice blood in your stool, it is essential to consult a healthcare professional promptly.

Abdominal pain or discomfort is another symptom that can be associated with colorectal cancer. This pain may be persistent, cramp-like, or at times, may worsen with bowel movements. It’s important to keep in mind that there can be many causes of abdominal pain, so further evaluation is necessary to determine the underlying cause.

Feeling fatigued or having a persistent sense of weakness can also be signs of colorectal cancer. This fatigue may not improve with rest and may be unrelated to any strenuous activity or lack of sleep.

In some cases, colorectal cancer can cause a feeling of incomplete bowel movements or a sensation of persistently needing to have a bowel movement, even after emptying the bowels. This symptom, known as tenesmus, should be evaluated by a healthcare professional.

How Colorectal Cancer is diagnosed?

Colorectal cancer is diagnosed through a combination of different tests and procedures. When a patient presents with symptoms such as changes in bowel habits, abdominal pain, unexplained weight loss, or rectal bleeding, the first step is usually a thorough physical examination. During this exam, the doctor may perform a digital rectal exam to check for any abnormalities in the rectum or lower part of the colon.

After the physical exam, the next step in diagnosing colorectal cancer is often a colonoscopy. This procedure involves using a long, flexible tube with a camera on the end to examine the inside of the colon and rectum. If any suspicious areas or polyps are found during the colonoscopy, a biopsy may be performed. During a biopsy, small tissue samples are removed for further analysis.

Additionally, other diagnostic tests may be ordered to help determine the stage and extent of the cancer. These tests can include blood tests to check for specific tumor markers, imaging studies such as CT scans or MRI scans, and sometimes even a surgical procedure called a laparoscopy. The results of these tests help guide treatment decisions and determine the prognosis for the patient.

Early detection is crucial in improving outcomes for patients with colorectal cancer. Therefore, it is important to promptly seek medical attention if any concerning symptoms are experienced. Your doctor will be able to perform the necessary tests and guide you through the diagnostic process, providing you with the best care possible.

What are some of the main medical treatments for Colorectal Cancer?

Colorectal cancer is a serious health condition that requires prompt medical intervention. The main treatment options for this type of cancer include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. The choice of treatment depends on various factors, such as the stage of the cancer, the location of the tumor, the patient’s overall health, and their personal preferences.

Surgery is usually the first line of treatment for colorectal cancer. The goal is to remove the tumor along with surrounding healthy tissues. In some cases, a colostomy or ileostomy may be necessary to divert the flow of waste from the body. Chemotherapy is often used in conjunction with surgery to kill cancer cells that may have spread beyond the primary tumor.

Radiation therapy involves the use of high-energy X-rays or other types of radiation to destroy cancer cells or shrink tumors. It may be used before surgery to shrink the tumor or after surgery to kill any remaining cancer cells. Targeted therapy is a newer form of treatment that uses drugs to specifically target and block the growth of cancer cells. Immunotherapy is another innovative treatment that stimulates the patient’s immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells.

A comprehensive approach that combines these treatment options is often employed to ensure the best possible outcome for patients with colorectal cancer. It’s important for individuals diagnosed with this condition to consult with a medical professional to determine the most appropriate treatment plan for their specific situation.

Which supplements work best with Colorectal Cancer?

As a medical professional, I understand the importance of a comprehensive treatment plan when it comes to colorectal cancer. While supplements alone cannot cure cancer, they can play a role in supporting the overall health and well-being of individuals with this condition. There are a few supplements that have shown promising results in research and are commonly recommended by healthcare providers.

Vitamin D: Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer and poorer outcomes in patients. Supplementing with vitamin D may help support bone health and improve overall immune function.

Omega-3 fatty acids: , commonly found in fish oil supplements, have anti-inflammatory properties that may help reduce inflammation associated with colorectal cancer. Additionally, omega-3s may have a positive impact on the immune system and overall cardiovascular health.

Probiotics: Probiotics are live bacteria and yeasts that are beneficial for gut health. They can help maintain a healthy balance of bacteria in the digestive system and support proper digestion. Some studies suggest that probiotics may have a role in preventing the development of colorectal cancer, but more research is needed.

Curcumin: Curcumin, a compound found in turmeric, has been a subject of interest for its potential anti-cancer properties. It has demonstrated anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, which may help in preventing the growth and spread of colorectal cancer cells. However, further research is needed to determine its effectiveness in humans.

It is important to note that these supplements should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional. They may have potential interactions with other medications and should be taken in appropriate doses. It is always recommended to discuss with your healthcare provider before starting any new supplements or making changes to your current treatment plan.

Frequently Asked Question on Colorectal Cancer

Q: What is colorectal cancer?

Colorectal cancer, also known as colon cancer or rectal cancer, refers to cancer that starts in the colon or rectum. It usually begins as a growth called a polyp that forms on the inner lining of the colon or rectum. Over time, some of these polyps can become cancerous.

Q: What are the risk factors for colorectal cancer?

Several factors can increase the risk of developing colorectal cancer, including:

Age: The risk increases with age, with most cases being diagnosed after the age of 50.

Family history: Having a close relative, such as a parent or sibling, with colorectal cancer increases the risk.

Personal history of polyps or inflammatory bowel disease: If you have had certain types of polyps or have inflammatory bowel disease, you are at a higher risk.

Lifestyle factors: A sedentary lifestyle, diets high in red and processed meats, obesity, smoking, and heavy alcohol use can increase the risk.

Q: What are the symptoms of colorectal cancer?

Some common symptoms of colorectal cancer include:

Changes in bowel habits, including diarrhea, constipation, or a change in stool consistency, Blood in the stool or rectal bleeding, Abdominal pain or cramping, Unexplained weight loss, Fatigue.

Q: When should I get screened for colorectal cancer?

Screening for colorectal cancer is recommended for individuals at average risk starting at the age of 50. However, if you have a family history of colon cancer or other risk factors, you may need to start screening earlier and more frequently. It’s best to discuss your individual risk factors with your doctor to determine when and how often you should be screened.

Q: What are the screening methods for colorectal cancer?

There are several screening methods used to detect colorectal cancer, including:

Colonoscopy: This procedure involves inserting a long, flexible tube with a camera into the rectum and colon to examine the entire length of the colon.

Fecal occult blood test (FOBT): This test checks for blood in the stool, which can be a sign of colorectal cancer.

Flexible sigmoidoscopy: Similar to a colonoscopy, this test uses a shorter tube to examine the rectum and lower part of the colon.

Virtual colonoscopy: This imaging test uses a CT scanner to create detailed pictures of the colon.

Q: Can colorectal cancer be prevented?

While it’s not always possible to prevent colorectal cancer, certain lifestyle changes can help reduce the risk. These include:

Eating a healthy diet high in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, and low in red and processed meats, Exercising regularly, Maintaining a healthy weight, Limiting alcohol consumption, Avoiding tobacco products.

Q: What are the treatment options for colorectal cancer?

Treatment for colorectal cancer depends on various factors, including the stage of the cancer, the location, and the individual’s overall health. In general, treatment options may include:

Surgery: The primary treatment for colorectal cancer involves removing the tumor and nearby lymph nodes.

Chemotherapy: This treatment uses drugs to kill cancer cells or stop them from growing.

Radiation therapy: High-energy beams are used to kill cancer cells or shrink tumors.

Targeted therapy: Drugs are used to specifically target and attack cancer cells.

Immunotherapy: This treatment helps the body’s immune system fight cancer cells.

Dr. Aubrey Mast

PhD

Medical Practitioner

Aubrey Mast is a herbalist, plant-based chef, holistic health coach and educator. Dr. Aubrey Mast has been a lecturing professor for the University of North Carolina Asheville focusing on nutrition, food as medicine, and holistic health practices.. Her interests lie in nutrition research, understanding inflammation, and using food as medicine in the prevention of disease. Aubrey has her Ph.D. in Mind Body Medicine and its relationship to behavior change. She has guided thousands of individuals back towards wellness by implementing ancestral knowledge regarding all dimensions of wellness. Aubrey received her B.S. in Health and Wellness Promotion from the University of North Carolina at Asheville. Her Masters is in Public Health, concentrating in nutrition from Walden University. Her research was on the role of childhood nutrition and the impacts of artificial food dyes. Her PhD Dissertation explored the intersection between stress perception, self-actualization and creativity.